Description
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-C) is a 16-amino-acid peptide naturally encoded within mitochondrial DNA.
Key Facts
- Origin: It is produced by the mitochondria—the energy-producing powerhouses of cells—and can circulate in the bloodstream like a hormone (mitokine).
- Mechanism: It activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), a key cellular energy sensor, and can move into the cell nucleus during metabolic stress to help regulate gene expression.
- Proposed Effects (Preclinical): Animal and laboratory studies suggest it may improve insulin sensitivity, enhance glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle, promote fat burning, and support exercise adaptation.
- Regulatory Status: MOTS-c is not approved by the FDA for human clinical use, and there are no completed, large-scale human clinical trials proving its safety or efficacy as a medication.
- Sports & Safety: It is prohibited at all times by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) under the category of metabolic modulators.
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